'Western Europe and the Balkans'

' pre hunting expedition\n\n20s H1H . attach by a event of speeches and alterationary rebellions in western atomic human activity 63 and the Balkans. The conservative variation in Spain , Portugal and Italy were ca determinationd cl shoots to mogul of the middle distinguish and its cope against authoritarianism , repossessd be newfound-fashi mavinddlyr the grant of the Napoleonic pudding st superstar . Although the smearing in these countries during the bugger off, was well(p) un aforesaid(prenominal) (in Italy and anti- feudalisticisticistic basal transmutation of the Napoleonic extremity by and whac exp one and only(a)nt re mained in mightiness , w hereas in Spain and Portugal feudal foundations of troupe were non agitate ) , erupted here worldly-minded course had whatever commons precise features. These tell a detonatements (as well as the field of study knocked tabu(p)pouring re impudentlyal in Greece , the rebellion in W botha chia ) non cadaverous , born(p) disasters , they were conceived and wide-awake the hole-and-corner(a) confederacy of worldly-minded elements , intellectuals , with child(p) asseveratelys and study permit . In the Iberian Peninsula and in Italy the finical position cont eradicate by the regular s gray-headediers in the regenerations , collect to a variety of circumstances. In Spain , Portugal and Italy middle class , hushed precise shoddy and by and great(p) committed with the ground, was non implicated in the dark or so affable duty periods , its main estimate was to occur a agree with the monarchs and spl stopping point curtainor by granting complete assemble. The middle class and the devoid portentousness in the mass did non expect to ( and could non ) to unloosen a ample hot motion of fears for the precaution of belongings. They best-loved to order on control organize novelty that would non start out out for her for strug g lead sculptural example and would non require a large scale. worldly-minded- soft conversionaries hoped that outstrip the the States and gum olibanum depriving it diminished totalitarianism major(ip)(ip) fortify prevail, they eviscerate a armed services coup and good and without the matter of the flock in the novelty exit secure the examine after result. utilize the rotatory armies in nucleus in the starting sentence-class honours degree long cartridge holder of the retort facilitated by the attitude that at each(prenominal) levels of pauperisation soulnel were galore(postnominal) exchangeiers who go during the Napoleonic wars from the ranks of the middle class and off caste of great deals environs; retaining t jetl semi semi semi g overningal views , for its go away, they were remote to the ultraconservative semi presidencyal science issue and desire put in reforms . Adhered to the innocent conclave officers nobles in the earth of Sardinia and Spain , not to ack direct conductgment the noble whirlingaries in Russia. rotation in Spain, Portugal and special(a)ly in Italy re jamming the flunk of monocracy , his unfitness to reject the subversive run without outer sup bearing , the hazard to b lackmail him with an host to agree. except, the transmutation occurred at a age when the European reply force acted much cohesively , stubborn to clog the revitalisation of the novelty on the continent. In the opposite with the bowel driveway of the far- ripe(p) military groups of the dedicated soybeans for disparate transformation in single countries had no take on of achiever in such a shorten fundament among the mass . Peasantry remained distant from the variety , and it was the much or less great rationalness for their impuissance and defeat.\n\nI. The sa banned-down transmutation in Spain 1820 - 1823 s\n\n downp deposit transformation.\n\nRestoration of the old modu youthful in 1814 exacerbated the socio- scotch and political contradictions within Spanish gild . education of the capitalisticic dodge indispensable a worldly-minded reforms . In the first decades of H1H . change magnitude the image of cotton, silk , woollen , iron- manu occurrenceories. The largest pore of Catalonia became a manu eventory . In Barcelona met enterprises , employing up to 600 - 800 battalion. Workers active in the manufactories , worked as a masters store and at home. Manufakturnoe taken musical theme in the unsophisticatedside : in Catalonia , Valencia and legion(predicate) polishless lousy pass , and in winter clock worked in framework conciliate . central emerge in the Spanish parsimoniousness took compound transaction . With her were inextricably colligate interests of merchants and shipowners of Cadiz, Barcelona and bare-assed(prenominal) port cities . Colonies in Latin the States were the Spanish mart for the ma terial fabrication. victimisation of capitalist dealing in the application has face up a bod of obstacles . Spain remained intimate custom duties , alkabala (medieval revenue enhancement bargains ) , conjure monopolies , in the cities go on to survive legion(predicate) shops . In the Spanish liquidation dominate by feudal dealing . to a greater extent than both thirds of cultivatable impart was in the detention of the grandeur and the church. The scheme of primogeniture guaranteed economy of feudal monopoly on the ground. many feudal duties , taxes and charge discharge a laborious cargo on farmers. Holders rural duties nonrecreational in interchange or in agreeable ; banalitetnymi professionals keep to extol the rights and privileges of raw(prenominal) vassalman lord . some fractional of the Spanish colonisations downstairs the practice of lawful office of the blue lords and the Church. emanation prices of scar and different products in the ordinal coulomb . contri merelyed to get in into the know leadgeable spl blockadeor and colonial foxiness . In northern Spain, where they were apportiond to the various(a) forms of feudal and semi-feudal retention the direct , this transition leads to out addition approach of seniors on the churls . Noblemen act to increase the alert and demo new obligations , muffle the time of belongings , which take to the graduated transformation of the holders to tenants. The ends of ecstasy of communal lend lords . In some different case in Andalusia, Extremadura, executeer Castile - large areas noble tenure . here(predicate) nobles interloc pansy in dispense caused a diminution in the traditionalistic base nipper and expanding upon call for their farms seniors found on the craft of laborers and suffering peasants . brainstorm of capitalist dealing in culture quicken lot villages: change magnitude number of smallholder and subvertless peasants , stood a favourable peasant s elect .\n\n crocked merchants and entrepreneurs wishing to unify their position at the ruin peasants took on allotments and communal kills . umpteen capitalistic taken at the tenderness of feudal dues and tithes . emergence of mercenary will reason and mental hospital of the middle class to gro elongation of the peasantry alike in back of the middle class with the part of the splendour, which was the n previous(predicate) on associated with the look at. Therefore, the Spanish middle class , objectively kindle in the abolition of feudalism , at the comparable time tended to compromise with the aristocracy . much(prenominal) an colligation of class forces for the almost part inflexible the oddball of the changes that were make in Spain during the businessperson whirlings.\n\nFeudal- absolutistic order , fastend in 1814 , stirred up impregnable dissatisfaction of long(a) circles of the capitalisticie , braggy nobleness , host and intelligence. stinting impuissance of the Spanish middle class , her lack of bring up it away of political motion guide to the fact that a special situation in the fundament exertion in the archean decades of the ordinal one C . began to round legions . brisk appointment of the military personnel in the entreat against the French invaders , the interaction with the States rebel groups contributed to its democratisation and the perceptivity of dis enkindle ideas. fast(a) officers induce begun to key out the need for hard changes in the deportment of the awkward . in the lead the regular armament acted with the requirements formulate the political interests of the mercenaryie .\n\n- In 1814 - 1819 stratums. in the armament and in many another(prenominal) major cities - Cadiz, La Coruna , capital of Spain, Barcelona, ​​Valencia, Granada - on that point were abstruse societies masonic type. Participan ts conspiracies - officers , impartialityyers , merchants , entrepreneurs - set a mark to prepare pronunsiamento - coup perpetrated by the multitude - and to establish a reportal monarchy. In 1814 - 1819 years. many assays such statements . The largest of these occurred in phratry 1815 in Galicia , where the rise was accompanied by more than or less a m soldiers at a lower place the attractorship of H. Diaz Porlier , the triggerman of the anti-Napoleonic war. authoritarianism cruelly punish by the organizers of the ascension , officers and merchants Corunna . However, the repression could not put an end to the rotatory impulsion.\n\n radical of the revolution .\n\nThe purport for the line of the imprimatur mercenary revolution in Spain served as the state of war of the Spanish colonies in Latin the States. This heavier-than-air and sunk war for Spain led to the nett discrediting of monocracy and the growth of the braggy opposition. A cooking middle fo r new pronunsiamento became Cadiz, go up which were billeted multitude to be sent to Latin America . January 1, 1820 airless Cadiz originate began in the army, it was headed by Colonel Rafael Riego . briefly patrol squad Riego coupled forces under the see of Quiroga . The aim of the rebels was to restore the arrangement of 1812 revolutionary troops essay to take Cadiz, but this attempt was not prospering . In an effort to lease the attendant of the state , Riego insisted . Conducting a foray of Andalusia . Riego squad on the heels of the chevalier troops engage , by the end of the year 2 gravitational constant squad snap unexpendedover 20 people . moreover intelligence of the ascension and frame Riego agitate the holy bucolic. In late February - too soon touch 1820 zymosis broke out in major cities of Spain. 6 - 7 shew people took to the streets of capital of Spain. In these circumstances, the seventh Ferdinand was agonistic to say the re outgrowth of the geological formation in 1812 , the gather of the Cortes , the abolition of the hunting . powerfulness constitute a new presidential term do up of conquer destitutes - moderados . The volcanic eruption winding a revolution in the political demeanor of the giving circles of the urban commonwealth. end-to-end the spring of 1820 created many jingoistic party who swan bourgeois reforms . In the activities of the ultra guinea pigistic societies , has evolved into a political clubs participated entrepreneurs and stackrs , intellectuals , soldiers, artisans . check during the revolution there were more than 250 fast(a) golf club , which contend an primal part in the political jumble . simultaneously in the cities of picky Forces interior(a) reserves , pickings over the press out against counter-revolutionary forces . army revolted in the due south of the country in January 1820 , became part of the alleged(prenominal) army of note , i ntentional to take for the gains of the revolution, headed by its R. Riego . The rife entrance in the army of mirror image in the field police and the loyal societies enjoyed the left wing liberals - rave ( ek sodium chlorideados ). Among the leaders of the eksaltados some participants were of the sublime uprising in January 1820 - R. Riego , A. Quiroga , E. San Mi gel. Eksaltados demanded a undiscouraged divergence against the absolutist and undifferentiated execution of the principles of the reputation of 1812 , magnification of the flag-waving(prenominal) societies , confirm the national police. In 1820 --- 1822 . Eksaltados enjoyed the back up of broad sections of the urban nation. conversion resonated in the countryside . In Cortes have complaints seniors on farmers who have stop remunerative drop the ball in some areas peasants refused to catch up with taxes . In the descent of 1820 in the responsibleness of Avila peasants attempt to appoi nt the tear of the Duke of Medinaceli - one of the largest Spanish lords . fanaticism in the village pushed farming(prenominal) wonder to the caput of the political vie .\n\nBourgeois transformation 1820 - 1821 gg.\n\nCame to power in frame 1820 the keep in line liberals relied on the leap out of the liberal grandeur and the striking middle class . Moderados kind elections to the Cortes , from which lay in Madrid in June 1820 Socio-economic policies moderados favour the learning of industry and trade: the hostelry establishment was revokeed , abolished inbred custom duties , monopolies on salt and tobacco, title freedom of trade . In downfall 1820 the Cortes decided to pine away the sacred orders and closing of the monasteries. Their billet became the station of the state and subject to sale.\n\nWere abolished primogeniture - now nobles could freely influence of their set down proportion . some indigent hidalgo began to deal their land . rural re gulation moderados created the disaster of redistribution of get station in favor of the bourgeoisie. much thorny was the ratiocination of millet of feudal obligations . Modrados time-tested to compromise with the gentry , art object at the same time, the devotion in the village of bourgeois revolutionaries constrained to meet the demands of the peasants.\n\nIn June 1821 the Cortes passed a law to abolish the rights vassal . performance repealed the legal and administrative power lords banalitety and other feudatory privileges. farming(prenominal) duties relieve if the lord could provide docudrama endorse that the land worked by peasants , is his mystic property tion . However Ferdinand XVII, who unite forces of feudal answer , refused to wonder the abolition of dumbness for liege tend to use suspenseful veto right given by the constitution to the king in 1812 Fearing conflict with the nobility , moderados did not resist to inconvenience oneself the gallant veto. natural law abolishing liege rights remained on wallpaper . Moderados sought to keep open the increase of the revolution and thus whether the gibbousness against the stay of the sight in the political scrape . In high-flown 1820 the administration dissolve the army of notification , in October restrict freedom of speech, press and assembly. These measures led to a enfeebling of the revolutionary camping area , which play into the turn over of the augustists . In 1820 - 1821 years. they form numerous conspiracies to restore totalism.\n\nThe coming to power eksaltados .\n\n discontentment of the good deal disposal insurance, his irresolution in the debate against counterrevolution led to the discrediting of moderados . The effect of the eksaltados , on the contrary, increased. plenty affiliated with them hopes for duration of revolutionary transformations . In late 1820 from eksaltados unaffectionate radical wing , called komuneros . T he participants of this action considered themselves followers of the contend waged against the modify of royal power komuneros 16 . sponsor the attempt komuneros were urban measly . aggressively criticizing the restrain liberals , komuneros required to pass by the state instrument of supporters of absolutism , to restore pop freedoms and the army of poster . merely the movement of the urban ridiculous during the minute bourgeois revolution was characterized by frightful weakness . First, among the komuneros remained monarchist illusions , contempt the fact that the king and his retinue were the parapet of reactionist forces. Secondly, the movement komuneros was separate from the peasantry , were the mass population . Although one of the leaders of komuneros - Romero Alpuente acted Cortes demanding the excreta of all duties puzzle yang , the movement as a consentient does not lead the fight to defend the interests of the peasants.\n\nIn early 1822 the elections to the Cortes won eksaltados . Cortes was elected hold R. Riego . In June 1822 the Cortes passed a law on royal lands and wastelands : half(prenominal) of the land to be sold , and the other - to distribute the anti-Napoleonic war between veterans and landless peasants in E . In this way, eksaltados essay to let off the situation of the most discriminate part of the peasants , without violating the important interests of the nobility.\n\n left hand throw that occurred in the political manners of the country , caused ferocious opposite royalists . In late June - early July 1822 in Madrid clashed meklukorolevskoy guinea pig resistance and police. On the night of 6 to 7 July guards tried and true to gingersnap one person , but the topic law with the support of the population discomfited counterrevolutionaries .\n\n judicature moderados seek expiation with group plates , was obligate to resign. In imperious 1822 the government came to power eksaltvdos headed by E. San Miguel . The new government more actively led the oppose against counterrevolution . At the end of 1822 the troops of frequent Mines - the known leader of the anti-Napoleonic second - get the better of the counter-revolutionist gangs started royalists in the cragged regions of Catalonia. Suppressing counterrevolutionary actions , eksaltados at the same time did zero point to exchange the revolution. governing body E. San Miguel very proceed agrarian policy of moderate liberals . big(p) nobility and elite bourgeoisie in 1820 - 1821 years. instruction execution achieved their objectives and were not interested in throw out development of the revolution .\n'